美术论丛26
婆罗洲土著文化艺术
Aboriginal Culture and Art of Borneo
刘其伟 著
序
一位热爱文化的工作者——其老——刘其伟先生，在充分相信「人类对艺术的爱好是天生的」理念下，为了寻找文化的根，足迹踏遍泰国、北吕宋、北婆罗洲、朝鲜、非洲、兰屿，更进入南美马雅、印加等地，在强烈的理想与求知欲的趋使下，使他不断地绽放出生命的热力与光彩。
南中国、菲律宾、婆罗洲等均属东南亚共同文化区，其老为了对东南亚的土著生活做系统的硏究，在他七十及七十五岁的年齢，两度前往婆罗洲丛林，深入原始雨林冒险采集珍贵资料，而完成「婆罗洲土著文化艺术」一书。书中提到古籍的婆罗洲及土著族群，详述他们的风俗、信仰、占卜、洗屋祭等，并对毁身装饰、工艺设计及神话传说，配合丰富的资料图片，做了精彩的说明。
本馆能在建馆七周年的前夕出版此书，甚感欣幸。这不仅是其老的硏究成果，更是他对原始艺术一份执着的深刻表现。他的治学态度，确是値得我们钦佩。在此，我们不但向您郑重推荐这一本好书，更要向这位在「文化」与「艺术」两方面有莫大贡献的学者,敬致谢意。
台北市立美术馆馆长 黄光男谨识
中华民国七十九年十一月
著者的话
婆罗洲(Borneo)一词，在中国古籍的「蛮书」、「诸蕃志」、「岛夷志略」，都曾有过记载，足知婆罗洲与中国交通甚早。
婆罗洲本身缺乏先史，故无初期古史可言，但原住婆罗洲的土著，据香港东南亚硏究所刊行资料，认为系属中国西南边民的余支分子。其中Iban, Murut, Kayan, Kenyan, Kelabits, Punan, Penan, Lungu及Dusun等诸部族，在人类学上大体是属于南岛系(Austronesian or Malay-Polynesian)里的Indonesian西群(Western branch)中的婆罗洲群(Borneogroup)，亦即达雅语系(Dayak language)的一群。
由于台湾原住民诸族群与南中国海、中南半岛、菲律宾群岛及婆罗州为共同文化，通称东南亚文化圈(Malay-Indonesian cultural system)。笔者既往三十余年来，对此少败民族文化，诸如台湾、中南半岛、北吕宋(Bontoc, NorthLuzon)等地的族群，做过了一部份记录，为了要把东南亚做一个更完整系统性的整理，因此于一九八一及一九八五先后两度前往婆罗洲，继续做田野调查和搜集标本。前者采访地区为拉让(R. Rajang)流域上游的Belaga和Balui，后者地区则为砂朥越和加里曼丹(Kalimantan)的马印边界，从Sapulat进入Pensiangan的热带雨林，采访丛林民族的Muruts和Lungus两个族群。
返台后，笔者首先以散文形式，将旅行杂感撰成「雨林纪行」，由张老师杂志改写为「田野影像」，分期在杂志连载，専供一般证者阅读。而出版本书的文字，则系主要的部份，以有系统的程序来叙述婆罗洲诸族群，这样对喜欢硏究原始艺术的读者，也许可以给他提供一些有用的知识。
在这里，我要感谢台北市立美术馆黄馆长允予出版这本小册子。我返要感谢协助我这项工作的Sarawak Natural HistoryM useum的指导和许多建议，Malaysia
International Times赞助腹地旅行的全部经费，台湾手工业中心赞助摄影费用，以及随队摄影记者陈德平和黄祥英两位先生，与我共渡为期将及四个月的旅途甘苦。
刘其伟 中原大学建筑系
一九九O，中华民国台湾
PREFACE BY THE AUTHOR
The word of “Borneo,” can be found in
the ancient Chinese books such as “Man-Shu”,“Chu-Fan-Chi”and “Tao-I-Chi-Lui”,
but Borneo lacks a pre-historical record.
To rest upon the report of the South
East Asia Research Institute of Hong Kong, many Chinese scholars recognized the
aborigines of Borneo are one branch of the tribal people migrated from
North-West China. From an anthropological viewpoint, the minorities such as
Iban, Murut, Kayan, Kenyah, Kelabit, Punan, Penan and Lungu belong to the
Borneo group, one of the Western Indonesian branches called the
Malay-Polynesian or Austronesian which, generally speaking, also belong to the
Dayak language group.
Borneo aborigines are of the same
culture of Taiwan, Indo-China and the Philippines, which we generally call
*'Malay-Indonesian Cultural System." During the past thirty years, I have
published a number of articles on various tribal groups of Taiwan, and the
Philippines. After this, in order to make my systematic studies a complete
survey of the aboriginal culture and art of South East Asia, I set off twice
for Borneo heart-land investigation in 1981 and 1985. The first trip was to
Belaga and Balui on the up river of River Rajang; the second trip was to the
border of Sarawak and Kalimantan, entering the rain forest of Pensiangan from
Sapulat.
After I came back to Taiwan, I wrote an
article <4Enter the Rain Forest of North Borneo/* which drew the attention
of quite a few publishers. The "Chang-Lao-Shih" Magazine approached
me and published the first part, I am delighted to announce that my research
report which is the second part and is more important, is published as
"Aboriginal Culture and Art of Borneo" by the Taipei Fine Arts
Museum. I hope this report of mine can bring some useful knowledge to my readers
who are interested in the field research of anthropology.
I wish to reiterate my deep gratitude
to Prof. Lucas Chin, Curator of Sarawak Museum, whose kind inspiration and
academic guidance have rendered this research possible. My thanks are also due
to Mr. Liu Pei-Chan, chairman of Taiwan Handicraft Center, Taipei, who supplied
materials and funds for the photographs. Mr. T. Hianboon, Manager of Malaysia
International Times, Kuching, who was kind enough to cover twice my travel
expenses throughout the Borneo heart-land. Also I would like have to thank the
photographers Mr. T.T. Chen and Mr. C.Y. Huang to have jointed me and shared
the dangers and joy in the jungle almost four months.
Max Chiwei Liu
Department of Architecture
Chung Yuan University
Taiwan 1990
目次
1总说
地理概述
山脉与河川
婆罗洲的动植物
古籍中的婆罗洲
婆罗洲的近世史迹
婆罗洲土著族羣
人种与体质
2生命礼俗
肯尼亚族风习
加央族风习
伊班族风习
普南族风习
3社会组织
社会结构
家属形态
名制
财产的承继
亲族系谱
4信仰与占卜
信仰与树木崇拜
巫师与占卜
酋长
巫医
精灵的名称
死灵的观念
占兆鸟、动物和昆虫
禁忌
5猎头与战争
战争
猎头
猎头的禁忌
比岭耶兰祭
6耕植与历法
耕植周期
收获祭咒词
历法
陆达雅族天文学
7渔捞与狩猎
河川生活
渔捞
捕捉鲤鱼
狩猎
山产采集
8长屋与洗屋祭
长屋
长屋的施工
新居迁移
洗屋祭
9技术与工艺
长屋的构造
行旅
造船
锻冶
编篮
吹箭的制造
树皮布与布织
利器
10毁身装饰与传统衣着
毁身装饰
传统衣着
战争服饰
黄铜与木细工
琉璃珠
11装饰艺术与音乐
木雕
竹刻
墓柱雕刻
缀珠艺术
编结与贝饰
绘画与施彩
装饰设计
12文身艺术
文身的硏究
加央族的文身
肯尼亚族的文身
姆禄和加里曼丹的文身
伊班族的文身
伊班乐器和音乐
13神话与传说
创世神话
掌故
14结语